Our project sets out to better define the nature of immune responses to infectious diseases, autoimmunity and cancer in humans by monitoring the skin-resident cells and cytokines using sampling microneedle patches. Our approach is further applicable not only for vaccine studies but for general immune monitoring and diagnostics, which can be applied to enable unprecedented non-invasive immune monitoring of tissue pathogenesis. With these images in hand, we now provide enough proof for the capability of our patches to collect cells, unlike any other microneedle platform, and get more robust data from our animal models and human patients.